The HAPP Framework for Document Analysis
The Document-Based Question (DBQ) on the APUSH exam requires you to analyze historical documents rather than just summarize their content. The College Board rewards students who use sourcing skills—explaining why the source matters, not just what it says. The HAPP framework provides a systematic approach. Historical context: What was happening in the world when this document was created? How does that broader context shape or explain what the author wrote? Audience: Who is the intended reader or listener? A private diary entry is written for the author; a political speech is written for voters. The intended audience shapes what is emphasized or omitted. Purpose: Why was this document created? To persuade? To record? To inspire? To justify? To deceive? Purpose explains the rhetorical choices made. Point of view: What does the author's identity, position, experience, or ideology suggest about their perspective? A factory owner writing about labor reform has a different perspective than a factory worker. HAPP analysis earns sourcing points on the AP rubric—you need to apply it to at least three documents to earn full sourcing credit.