Long-Span and Shell Structures

A truss is a triangulated framework where members carry only axial forces (tension or compression), making it extremely efficient for spanning large distances. Common truss types include Pratt (diagonals in tension), Howe (diagonals in compression), and Warren (alternating diagonals). Space frames extend the truss concept into three dimensions, creating lightweight grids that can roof stadiums and airports. The roof of the Louvre Pyramid uses a steel-and-cable space frame to achieve transparency while spanning 35 meters without interior columns.