Thermal Management Systems

EVs typically run three or four separate thermal circuits. The battery cooling loop circulates dielectric coolant through channels in the battery pack to maintain cell temperature between 20-40°C for optimal performance and longevity. The drivetrain loop cools the motor, inverter, and onboard charger. The cabin loop provides heating and cooling via a heat pump or resistive heater and A/C compressor. Some vehicles use a chiller plate to transfer heat between circuits—for example, using waste heat from the motor to warm the battery in cold weather, or using the A/C refrigerant circuit to cool the battery during fast charging.