Psychology Foundations: Perception, Learning, and Memory
The P/S section tests psychology, sociology, and how they relate to health and healthcare behavior. Perception involves the interpretation of sensory information β signal detection theory models how we distinguish signals from noise, with sensitivity (d') and response bias (Ξ²) as key parameters. Absolute threshold is the minimum stimulus intensity detectable 50% of the time; the just-noticeable difference (JND) follows Weber's Law: ΞI/I = k, where the smallest detectable change is a constant proportion of the original stimulus. Learning: classical conditioning (Pavlov) β pairing a conditioned stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned stimulus (US) until the CS alone elicits the conditioned response. Operant conditioning (Skinner) β behavior is shaped by consequences: positive reinforcement (add reward), negative reinforcement (remove aversive stimulus), positive punishment (add aversive stimulus), negative punishment (remove reward).