All-Position Welding Techniques
Flat position (1G/1F) is the easiest and most productive — gravity helps the puddle flow smoothly into the joint and post-weld slag separates cleanly. Maintain standard settings and focus on consistent travel speed. Horizontal position (2G/2F) requires fighting gravity, which pulls the molten puddle downward away from the joint. Counter this by angling the electrode 5–10 degrees upward from horizontal (toward the upper plate on a T-joint fillet) and using slightly lower amperage than flat to keep the puddle small and controllable. Vertical welding (3G/3F) offers two approaches: vertical-up and vertical-down. Vertical-up is preferred for structural work requiring full penetration — weld from bottom to top with a weaving or cursive-E pattern to allow the puddle to wet both side walls before advancing. Reduce amperage 10–15% compared to flat position to prevent the puddle from sagging. Vertical-down is used only on sheet metal and thin tubing where speed matters more than penetration, as it inherently provides shallower fusion. Overhead position (4G/4F) is the most demanding: gravity pulls the entire puddle toward your face. Use the lowest amperage that achieves fusion, keep the puddle as small as possible with a tight arc length, and move steadily without hesitation. Wear full FR protection and position your body to the side of the drip zone.