How Judaism Began: Abraham and the Torah
Ezra the Scribe sits cross-legged on a woven mat inside a lamp-lit desert tent, unrolling a long papyrus scroll and tracing the words with his finger as he reads aloud to the learner.
- Identify Abraham as the founding patriarch of the Jewish people
- Describe the Torah and explain why it is important in Judaism
- State what it means for Judaism to be a monotheistic religion
Key terms
- monotheism
- The belief in and worship of only one God
- patriarch
- A founding father figure of a people or family
- covenant
- A sacred agreement between God and a people
- Torah
- Judaism's sacred text of laws, stories, and teachings
- synagogue
- The Jewish house of worship where the Torah is read
One God, One People
Judaism was distinctive in the ancient world because it taught monotheism, the worship of a single God, at a time when most peoples worshipped many gods. This belief shaped Jewish law, prayer, and identity, and it later influenced Christianity and Islam, which also trace their roots to Abraham. The idea of one God remains central to Jewish faith today.
From Abraham to the Torah
The Jewish story begins with Abraham, who according to tradition made a covenant — a binding promise — with God. Centuries later, the prophet Moses is said to have received the Torah. The Torah is not only laws; it holds the history, ethics, and stories that guide daily Jewish life, and it is still read aloud in synagogues around the world.
Worked examples
Explain why Abraham, not Moses, is called the founding patriarch.
- Note the order of events: Abraham made the original covenant with God first.
- Note Moses's later role: he received the Torah centuries after Abraham.
- Compare the two roles to see who began the Jewish people's relationship with God.
Answer: Abraham is the founding patriarch because he made the first covenant; Moses came later and built on that foundation by receiving the Torah.
Activity
Tap each object to reveal what it means in Judaism.
Practice
Explain what it means for a religion to be monotheistic.
Describe why the Torah matters to all Jewish people, not just priests.
Common mistakes to avoid
- Moses founded JudaismAbraham founded the faith with the first covenant; Moses later received the Torah.
- The Torah is only for priestsThe Torah guides the daily life of all Jewish people, not only religious leaders.
Check your understanding
Who is called the founding patriarch of the Jewish people?
What is the Torah?
Recap
Judaism is one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It began with Abraham, the founding patriarch who made a covenant with God, and centuries later Moses received the Torah, the sacred text still honored in synagogues today.
Reflect
Think about how a shared sacred agreement can hold a community together for thousands of years.